UPSC Daily Current Affairs 9 July 2025: Labour Code Reforms, India-Brazil Strategic Partnership, BRICS Summit, Gaza Conflict Talks | UPSC CSE

Daily Current Affairs Analysis: 8th July 2025

Presented by सुन लो यूपीएससी youtube channel. Sources of Information: PIB, The Hindu, The Indian Express and Credible Govt Websites.

"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit."

— Will Durant (often misattributed to Aristotle)

1. Polity, Governance, and Social Justice (GS Paper-II)

1.1. Bharat Bandh: Trade Unions and Farmers Protest Government Policies

Context of the Nationwide General Strike

On July 9, 2025, India witnessed a massive nationwide general strike, or 'Bharat Bandh', with widespread participation from workers and farmers across the country. The strike was called by a joint forum of 10 central trade unions, including prominent bodies like the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), and Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS). The call was strongly supported by the Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM), a coalition of farmers' unions, and various other rural workers' organisations, demonstrating a unified front of industrial and agrarian labour.

Organizers anticipated the participation of over 25 crore (250 million) workers from both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. This mobilisation aimed to protest what the unions termed the central government's "anti-worker, anti-farmer and anti-national pro-corporate policies".

Analysis of Core Demands

The protest was anchored in a comprehensive 17-point charter of demands that the unions had submitted to the Union Labour Minister, which they allege has been consistently ignored by the government. The key demands can be categorised as follows:

  • Economic and Employment Demands: The charter calls for concrete measures to tackle rising unemployment, including filling all sanctioned government posts, creating more jobs, and strengthening the rural safety net. Specifically, the unions demand an increase in the number of guaranteed workdays and remuneration under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and the enactment of a similar employment guarantee law for urban areas.
  • Policy-Based Demands: A central demand is the cessation of the privatization of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and public services. A notable example cited is the planned privatization of power distribution companies in Uttar Pradesh, which prompted over 2.7 million power sector employees to join the strike. The unions also vehemently oppose the growing trends of contractualisation and casualisation of the workforce, which they argue erode job security and social benefits.
  • Institutional Grievances: A significant point of contention for the unions is the government's failure to convene the tripartite Indian Labour Conference (ILC) for the past decade. The ILC is the apex consultative body, bringing together representatives from the government, employers, and employees to deliberate on labour policies. The unions view its prolonged absence as a deliberate move to sideline social dialogue and impose policies unilaterally.

The Labour Codes as a Central Flashpoint

The most significant trigger for the nationwide strike is the staunch opposition to the four new labour codes passed by Parliament. The unions argue that these codes, enacted under the government's 'ease of doing business' agenda, fundamentally undermine the rights and protections of workers. Their primary criticisms are that the codes:

  • Dilute hard-won workers' rights and weaken the collective bargaining power of trade unions.
  • Effectively curtail the right to strike by imposing stringent conditions, making legal industrial action nearly impossible.
  • Allow for an increase in daily working hours, potentially up to 12 hours a day.
  • Decriminalize several violations of labour laws by employers, reducing accountability for non-compliance.

Impact Analysis and Regional Dimensions

The strike had a significant impact on sectors with high union density. Public sector banking, insurance, postal services, coal mining, and state-run transport services were severely affected in many parts of the country. While essential services such as hospitals, emergency response, and metro rail, along with most private offices and educational institutions, were officially open, they faced considerable operational disruptions due to the impact on public transport.

The protest also acquired a distinct regional political dimension in Bihar. The INDIA Bloc parties called for a separate bandh on the same day to protest a controversial revision of the state's voter list, which they alleged could disenfranchise a large number of migrant workers and marginalized communities. This parallel protest was expected to intensify disruptions within the state.

The Bharat Bandh represents more than a simple reaction to specific policies; it signals a fundamental breakdown in India's traditional tripartite mechanism of labour relations and exposes a deep-seated ideological conflict over the nation's economic trajectory. The decade-long failure to convene the Indian Labour Conference is a critical indicator of a shift in the policymaking process, moving away from consensus-building towards a more unilateral approach. This exclusion from formal dialogue channels forces pressure groups like trade unions to resort to mass mobilization as their primary means of political expression, escalating social friction. The language used by the unions—describing government policies as "pro-corporate" and alleging the abandonment of the "welfare state"—points to a clash of fundamental ideologies. The unions advocate for a state-led, welfarist economic model, while the government's reforms are explicitly framed around market-led growth and 'ease of doing business'. Therefore, the strike is not merely a reactive grievance but a proactive struggle over the very nature of India's social contract and economic future.

1.2. Decoding the Four Labour Codes: A Comprehensive Analysis

Background and Rationale

The Government of India has undertaken a landmark legislative overhaul by consolidating 29 central labour laws into four comprehensive codes. This ambitious reform initiative, which aligns with the recommendations of the Second National Commission on Labour (2002), aims to simplify a legal framework widely seen as complex and archaic. The stated objectives are to reduce the compliance burden on industries, enhance the 'ease of doing business' to attract investment, and bring uniformity to labour regulations across the country.

Overview of the Four Labour Codes

The following details provide a structured overview of the four codes, outlining their objectives, the laws they subsume, and the key points of contention:

Code on Wages, 2019

Key Acts Subsumed:

Payment of Wages Act, 1936; Minimum Wages Act, 1948; Payment of Bonus Act, 1965; Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.

Key Provisions & Objectives (Government's Rationale):

Universalizes the right to minimum wages and timely payment for all workers in organized and unorganized sectors. Introduces a statutory national floor wage. Prohibits gender discrimination in wages and recruitment.

Key Criticisms (Union's Perspective):

The national floor wage remains low (₹178/day), and enforcement is weak, especially in the informal sector where wage theft is rampant. The promise of universality is not met in practice.

Industrial Relations Code, 2020

Key Acts Subsumed:

Trade Unions Act, 1926; Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946; Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.

Key Provisions & Objectives (Government's Rationale):

Increases the threshold for government permission for lay-offs, retrenchment, and closure to establishments with 300 or more workers. Mandates a 14-60 day notice period for strikes in all establishments.

Key Criticisms (Union's Perspective):

Drastically curtails the fundamental right to strike. Promotes a 'hire and fire' policy by making it easier for larger firms to downsize, thereby reducing job security. Weakens the collective bargaining power of unions.

Code on Social Security, 2020

Key Acts Subsumed:

9 Acts including EPF Act, 1952; ESI Act, 1948; Maternity Benefit Act, 1961; Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act, 2008.

Key Provisions & Objectives (Government's Rationale):

Aims to extend social security coverage to all workers, including for the first time gig, platform, and unorganized sector workers, through the creation of a dedicated social security fund.

Key Criticisms (Union's Perspective):

Definitions of gig and platform workers are ambiguous. Implementation relies on state welfare boards that are often non-functional. Creates 'de jure' rights but 'de facto' exclusion due to complex registration processes and a lack of state capacity.

Occupational Safety, Health & Working Conditions (OSH) Code, 2020

Key Acts Subsumed:

13 Acts including Factories Act, 1948; Mines Act, 1952; Contract Labour Act, 1970.

Key Provisions & Objectives (Government's Rationale):

Consolidates and updates regulations on safety, health, and working conditions. Mandates free annual health check-ups. Allows women to work in all establishments and at night, with their consent and adequate safety provisions.

Key Criticisms (Union's Perspective):

Allows for an increase in daily work hours up to 12 hours. The provision for a "4-day week" is seen as a misleading justification for longer and more exploitative daily work schedules. Critics argue that safety standards are diluted.

A Critical Evaluation: Balancing Growth and Welfare

The discourse surrounding the labour codes reveals a sophisticated government communication strategy and highlights a critical underlying challenge. For instance, the provision for a 12-hour workday is often reframed as enabling a "4-day work week," a narrative that masks the potential for longer, more strenuous workdays under the guise of flexibility.

Furthermore, while the codes aim for universality, they risk deepening the chasm between the formal and informal sectors. The positive step of extending social security to gig and unorganized workers is undermined by impractical implementation mechanisms. The vast majority of India's workforce is informal and remains largely outside the practical ambit of these laws. The reliance on online registration portals and state-level welfare boards, which are often described as bureaucratic and non-functional, creates a paradox: the law expands its theoretical coverage while the practical reality of implementation remains weak. This could lead to a 'paper-based universalization' that widens the gap between the small, protected formal sector and the large, unprotected informal sector, which now possesses rights on paper but lacks the means to access them.

The success of these codes will ultimately depend not on their legislative passage but on the state's capacity to ensure their equitable implementation, striking a difficult balance between fostering a competitive industrial environment and upholding the constitutional promise of social and economic justice for its vast workforce.

2. International Relations (GS Paper-II)

2.1. India-Brazil Relations and the BRICS Framework

Context of High-Level Engagement

On July 8-9, 2025, the Prime Minister of India concluded a significant state visit to Brazil, where he also participated in the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro. This visit underscored the growing importance of the India-Brazil strategic partnership and India's dynamic role within the expanding BRICS forum.

Key Bilateral Outcomes

The bilateral engagement yielded several substantial outcomes, signaling a new momentum in the relationship:

  • Strategic Roadmap: A comprehensive Joint Statement titled "India and Brazil - Two Great Nations with Higher Purposes" was released, charting a strategic roadmap for the next decade. The partnership is now structured around five priority pillars: defence and security; food and nutritional security; energy transition and climate change; digital transformation and emerging technologies; and industrial partnerships in strategic areas.
  • Economic Partnership: The leaders set an ambitious target to more than double bilateral trade to USD 20 billion over the next five years. To facilitate this, both nations committed to working towards the expansion of the existing India-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement.
  • New Areas of Cooperation: The partnership was broadened through the finalization of six Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) in fields such as counter-terrorism, defence, renewable energy, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), and digital cooperation. A key agreement involves the future adoption of India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) platform in Brazil. The leaders also explored new avenues for collaboration in critical minerals, Artificial Intelligence (AI), supercomputers, and space technology.
  • Diplomatic Significance: In a powerful gesture of friendship, the Prime Minister of India was conferred with "The Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross," the highest national honour of Brazil. This award signifies the deep mutual respect and strategic importance that both countries accord to their relationship.

India's Evolving Role in an Expanding BRICS

The BRICS summit, held under Brazil's presidency with the theme "Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance," highlighted India's evolving role on the world stage.

  • Championing the Global South: The summit's joint declarations strongly reflected the priorities of the developing world. The bloc collectively called for urgent reforms in global governance institutions, including the UN Security Council, IMF, and World Bank, to give greater voice and representation to the Global South. A key demand was for "substantial, predictable, and affordable" climate finance from developed nations to help developing countries meet their climate goals.
  • Navigating Geopolitical Tensions: The summit took place amidst rising geopolitical friction. The BRICS statement criticized unilateral US trade policies and tariffs as "damaging" and "inconsistent with WTO rules," which prompted a threat of retaliatory tariffs from the US President. With its recent expansion to include countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia, the bloc is increasingly viewed as a significant forum for voices challenging the Western-led global order.
  • India's 2026 Presidency: India is set to assume the BRICS presidency in 2026. The Prime Minister announced that India's theme will be 'Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability' (BRICS), signaling a focus on constructive and forward-looking cooperation.

India's intensive diplomatic engagement with Brazil and its proactive leadership within BRICS demonstrate a sophisticated foreign policy of 'multi-alignment'. This strategy positions India as a crucial 'bridge-builder' in an increasingly polarized world. As the BRICS bloc becomes more heterogeneous and, at times, more overtly critical of the West, it presents a complex challenge for India, which maintains deep economic and strategic partnerships with the United States and Europe. Rather than choosing a side, India is reinforcing its own strategic partnerships within the bloc, particularly with a large, democratic, and like-minded nation like Brazil. Simultaneously, India skillfully leverages the BRICS platform to champion the agenda of the Global South on issues like institutional reform, climate justice, and digital public goods, thereby enhancing its own credibility and influence. By preparing to host the summit in 2026 with its own distinct agenda, India asserts its ability to shape the group's narrative towards constructive cooperation rather than pure confrontation, acting as a vital link between different geopolitical poles.

2.2. The Gaza Ceasefire Conundrum

Current State of Negotiations

As of July 9, 2025, indirect ceasefire negotiations between Israel and Hamas have resumed in Doha, Qatar, with the devastating war in Gaza now entering its 22nd month. The talks, mediated by the United States, Qatar, and Egypt, have gained a new sense of urgency due to the heavy personal investment of the US President, who hosted Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the White House for two consecutive days in a bid to push the negotiations toward a breakthrough.

Positions of Key Actors and Sticking Points

The negotiations remain fraught with challenges, with significant gaps between the positions of the primary belligerents:

  • The Proposed Deal: The framework under discussion reportedly involves an initial 60-day truce. In exchange, Hamas would release the remaining Israeli hostages, estimated to be around 10 living individuals and the remains of 9 others.
  • Hamas's Position: The fundamental demand from Hamas is an iron-clad guarantee from the mediators that the initial temporary truce will seamlessly transition into a permanent end to the war, coupled with a complete withdrawal of all Israeli military forces from the Gaza Strip.
  • Israel's Position: Prime Minister Netanyahu has publicly maintained that Israel must "finish the job" of dismantling Hamas's military and governing capabilities, implying that fighting could resume after any temporary pause. A major sticking point is Israel's insistence on maintaining military control over key strategic corridors within Gaza. This is linked to a highly controversial Israeli plan to relocate Gaza's entire population of over two million people into a closed "humanitarian zone" in the southern part of the Strip, a proposal that has caused problems in the talks.
  • Mediators' View: US officials have expressed more optimism about reaching a deal this week compared to their Qatari and Egyptian counterparts. However, progress remains slow, with the precise lines of the Israeli Defence Forces' (IDF) withdrawal being a primary obstacle that has yet to be resolved.

The Gaza ceasefire negotiations are not merely a localized conflict resolution effort but are a central component of a broader US-led geopolitical strategy aimed at reshaping the Middle East. The intense personal involvement of the US President and his special envoy suggests that the stakes are far higher than the immediate conflict. The administration appears to be leveraging the crisis to advance a long-standing strategic goal: the expansion of the Abraham Accords, with a landmark normalization agreement between Israel and Saudi Arabia as the ultimate prize. The conflict itself is perceived by some strategists as having shifted the regional balance of power against Iran. Therefore, ending the Gaza war on terms favourable to the US and its allies would further consolidate this shift. This transforms the ceasefire talks from a tactical negotiation into a strategic gambit. A successful outcome could pave the way for an integrated regional security and economic bloc, including Israel and key Gulf states, which would serve as a powerful counterweight to Iran and its proxies, fundamentally altering the region's geopolitical landscape.

3. Economy and Science & Technology (GS Paper-III)

3.1. Agritech Innovation Hub: A New Frontier for Indian Agriculture

Context and Inauguration

In a significant move to modernize Indian agriculture, the Uttar Pradesh Agritech Innovation Hub and Startup Technology Showcase was inaugurated on July 8, 2025, at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology (SVPUAT) in Meerut. This initiative is a landmark collaboration between SVPUAT and the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, aiming to infuse deep-tech solutions into the agricultural sector.

Objectives and Key Features

The hub is designed to serve as a nerve centre for agricultural innovation with several key features:

  • Technology Infusion: It is equipped with an array of cutting-edge technologies, including Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensors, smart irrigation systems, automation technologies, and a real-time analytics platform driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI). These tools are geared towards promoting precision farming—the use of data to optimize the application of water, fertilizers, and pesticides—and fostering sustainable agricultural practices.
  • Ecosystem Approach: The hub's core strategy is to create a vibrant and collaborative ecosystem. It aims to bring together a diverse group of stakeholders—farmers, technologists, researchers, agri-tech startups, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)—to co-create and adopt region-specific, scalable solutions that address real-world farming challenges.
  • Stated Goals: The overarching goals of the initiative are ambitious and aligned with national priorities. They include helping to double farmers' income, promoting chemical-free and natural farming methods, ensuring that technology moves seamlessly from the laboratory to the land, and empowering rural youth with new skills and opportunities.

The Agritech Hub in Meerut is not an isolated project but a prime example of a new, vertically integrated national strategy for agricultural transformation. It demonstrates a clear policy pipeline that connects high-level national objectives with grassroots implementation. The process began with a Union Budget announcement for a 'Centre of Excellence' for "AI in Agriculture," establishing the national vision. The responsibility for this was then assigned to a premier deep-tech institution, IIT Ropar, leveraging its specialized expertise in AI and IoT. IIT Ropar, in turn, collaborated with a specialized agricultural university, SVPUAT, to ground the technology in agricultural science and local realities. Finally, the hub itself is designed to directly engage with the end-users—farmers, FPOs, and KVKs—to ensure the solutions developed are practical, adoptable, and effective. This creates a complete, end-to-end model that systematically bridges the long-standing gap between advanced research and its application in the primary sector, a critical step towards building a $300 billion bioeconomy by 2030.

4. Modern History and Culture (GS Paper-I)

4.1. Legacy of Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee

Context of Commemoration

The Ministry of Culture is observing the 125th birth anniversary of Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a towering figure in India's political and intellectual history, with commemorative events scheduled from July 2025 to July 2027. The events on July 9, 2025, served to highlight his multifaceted contributions to the nation.

Contributions to Nation-Building

Dr. Mookerjee's legacy is marked by his significant contributions across various domains:

  • Visionary Educationist: A distinguished scholar, Dr. Mookerjee became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the prestigious Calcutta University at the age of just 33, leaving an indelible mark on the field of education.
  • Architect of India's Industrial Base: As the first Union Minister for Industry and Supply in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet, he is credited with laying the firm foundation for India's industrial development. He was the driving force behind the establishment of key Public Sector Undertakings, including the Chittaranjan Locomotive Factory, the Sindri Fertilizer Corporation, and the Hindustan Aircraft Factory. His Industrial Policy resolution of 1948 is widely regarded as a foundational document for India's pursuit of a self-reliant industrial structure.
  • Political and Ideological Contributions: Dr. Mookerjee resigned from the Nehru cabinet in protest against the Liaquat-Nehru Pact. He went on to found the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) in 1951, which was the ideological precursor to the modern-day Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was a fierce advocate for the complete and unconditional integration of Jammu & Kashmir with the rest of India, famously coining the slogan, "Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur do Nishan nahi chalenge" (One country cannot have two constitutions, two prime ministers, and two flags).

The commemoration of Dr. Mookerjee's anniversary is not merely a historical tribute but also a deliberate political act that seeks to anchor contemporary policy decisions within a powerful nationalist and historical narrative. During the events, a direct and explicit line was drawn from Dr. Mookerjee's struggle and "historic sacrifice" for the integration of Jammu & Kashmir to the current government's abrogation of Article 370 in 2019. The abrogation was repeatedly described as the "fulfillment" of his resolution and a "true tribute" to his vision. This narrative construction serves a clear political purpose: it elevates a contemporary, and at the time controversial, policy decision from the realm of pure politics to that of a historical and nationalistic imperative. By linking the policy to a revered historical figure who is portrayed as a martyr for the cause of national unity, the government reinforces the policy's legitimacy and connects deeply with its core ideological base. This serves as a potent example of how history is actively employed in the present to shape political discourse and validate governance.

5. Prelims Fact-File: 9th July 2025

  • Appointments:
    • Sanjog Gupta: Appointed as the new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the International Cricket Council (ICC).
    • Rishi Sunak: The former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has rejoined the investment bank Goldman Sachs as a senior advisor.
    • Erton Köhler: Elected as the new president of the worldwide Seventh Day Adventist Church, becoming the first leader from South America.
  • International Relations:
    • China Visa Policy: China has expanded its visa-free policy, allowing citizens from 74 countries to visit for up to 30 days without requiring a visa.
    • India-Brazil: Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred with "The Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross," Brazil's highest national honour.
  • Science & Technology / Education:
    • National Biobank: India's first longitudinal population health study and the "Phenome India-National Biobank" was launched at the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) in New Delhi.
    • IIT Delhi Course: IIT Delhi, in collaboration with TeamLease Edtech, launched a new online executive program on the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare.
    • Delhi Smart Classrooms: The Delhi Cabinet gave its approval for a fund of ₹900 crore to create 18,966 new smart classrooms in the city's schools.
  • Economy & Business:
    • Portugal Tourism: Portugal's travel and tourism sector is projected to support 1.2 million jobs in 2025, entering what is being described as a "golden era".
    • Shangri-La: The global hospitality group has launched its new ultra-luxury brand, 'Shangri-La Signatures'.
  • Sports:
    • Wimbledon 2025: Novak Djokovic, Jannik Sinner, Iga Swiatek, and teenage sensation Mirra Andreeva have all advanced to the quarterfinals of the tournament.
  • Miscellaneous:
    • Wildfires in France: Ongoing wildfires in the Fontfroide massif in southern France have led to the suspension of all flights at Marseille airport.
    • FIR Against Cricketer: An FIR has been registered in Ghaziabad against Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) fast bowler Yash Dayal.

6. Mains Practice Question

Question: The nationwide strike of July 9, 2025, highlights a fundamental tension between the government's pursuit of 'ease of doing business' through labour reforms and the constitutional mandate for a welfare state. Critically analyze the provisions of the four new labour codes in this context, evaluating their potential to foster inclusive growth while safeguarding workers' rights. (250 words)

7. Conclusion

The events of July 9, 2025, paint a picture of a nation grappling with profound internal and external transformations. Domestically, the Bharat Bandh has brought the deep-seated ideological tensions between labour welfare and market-driven reforms to the forefront, with the new labour codes serving as a critical flashpoint. This socio-economic churn is juxtaposed with India's dynamic engagement on the global stage. The strengthening of the India-Brazil strategic partnership and India's assertive role within the BRICS framework underscore its ambition to lead the Global South and navigate an increasingly complex multipolar world. Simultaneously, the commemoration of historical figures like Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee demonstrates the potent role of historical narratives in shaping contemporary political discourse and legitimizing policy actions. Together, these developments highlight a pivotal moment for India, as it seeks to balance economic modernization, social justice, and its rising global stature.

Revision Flashcards

Main Reason for the 'Bharat Bandh' on July 9, 2025?

Protest against "anti-worker, anti-farmer" policies, especially the four new labour codes.

Key criticism of the Industrial Relations Code, 2020?

It curtails the right to strike and promotes a 'hire and fire' policy, reducing job security.

Highest Brazilian honor conferred on India's PM?

The Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross.

Which country will host the 2026 BRICS Summit?

India.

What is a major concern about the OSH Code?

It allows for an increase in daily work hours to 12, which unions see as exploitative.

Hamas's core demand in the Gaza ceasefire talks?

A guaranteed transition to a permanent end to the war and a full Israeli military withdrawal.

Location and purpose of the new Agritech Innovation Hub?

Meerut, UP. It aims to infuse deep-tech (AI, IoT) into agriculture for precision farming.

Who founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS)?

Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951.

What was Dr. Mookerjee's famous slogan about J&K?

"Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur do Nishan nahi chalenge".

What is the key institutional grievance of the trade unions?

The failure to convene the tripartite Indian Labour Conference (ILC) for over a decade.

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